More recently, routine activity theory has been repeatedly used in multilevel frameworks with social disorganization theory in understanding various neighborhood crimes. ![]() It is also worth noting that, in the study of criminal victimization, the routine activity theory is often regarded as "essentially similar" to lifestyle theory of criminology by Hindelang, Gottfredson & Garofalo (1978). Over time, the theory has been extensively employed to study sexual crimes, robberies, cyber crimes, residential burglary and corresponding victimizations, among others. Routine activity theory has its foundation in human ecology and rational choice theory. Other social changes such as college enrollment, female labor participation, urbanization, suburbanization, and lifestyles all contribute to the supply of opportunities and, subsequently, the occurrence of crime. For example, the use of automobiles, on one hand, enables offenders to move more freely to conduct their violations and, on the other hand, provide more targets for theft. According to Felson and Cohen, the reason for the increase is that the prosperity of contemporary society offers more opportunities for crime to occur. Despite this, crime rose significantly during this time. Unlike criminological theories of criminality, routine activity theory studies crime as an event, closely relates crime to its environment and emphasizes its ecological process, thereby diverting academic attention away from mere offenders.Īfter World War II, the economy of Western countries started to boom and the Welfare states were expanding. The theory has been extensively applied and has become one of the most cited theories in criminology. Cohen in their explanation of crime rate changes in the United States between 19. It was first proposed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Routine activity theory is a sub-field of crime opportunity theory that focuses on situations of crimes. ![]() The lack of any of the three elements is sufficient to prevent a crime which requires offender-victim contact. The theory stipulates three necessary conditions for most crime a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian, coming together in time and space. A graphical model of the routine activity theory.
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